>> nerdcafe Vetomat 12.7.2010 snufu/fuzzy speach, TKilla report
SHELL BASICS N°1
LinuxWorks workshop about Linux usage of the terminal.
Weekly appointment every Monday in Vetomat at 19:00. Scharnweberstrasse 35, F’hain, Berlin.
the “shell” is the program in the terminal,
–> Application –>Accessories —>Terminal
where you can run all the commands installed on the system
(the shell is called “bash” or “sh” or similar)
>> nerdcafe Vetomat 12.7.2010 snufu/fuzzy speach; Tk report
SHELL BASICS N°1
———–
all lines in this text starting with $ can be executed in a terminal
watch the output of the commands!! (almost) every error is written there!
useful commands:
TAB
Its enough to write few letters and use TAB key — multiple times —
to autocomplete the command!!
history:
arrow-up key – goes back to the previous command
ctrl+r command – search in command history
the format of the command is always:
commandname parameter1 parameter2 ..
programname -h or
programname –help for a long version
gives a short help and possible parameters of the command
[c]$ man programname[/c]
manual of the program – RTFM – read this to know what it does 😉
[c]$ apropos burn cd[/c]
tells which programs are doind the task
[c]$ ssh user@hostname[/c]
login to another computer by console
[c]$ screen -x[/c]
join a shared session (on another computer)
must be connected before to (ssh username@hostname)
screen runs multiple terminals (on a remote system) and you can switch between them
screen commands:
ctrl+a a – switch to another terminal
ctrl+a ESC – scroll with cursor keys
[c]$ ls[/c]
list content of current directoy
[c]$ ls -a[/c]
list –all: shows also hidden “.” dot-files (config files mostly)
[c]$ less[/c]
shows 1 PAGE of output of a command (contrast to “more” – that shows more 🙂 )
[c]$ echo hiho > foobar[/c]
write hiho into the variable “foobar”
[c]$ cat myman</pre>
<pre>$ tom[/c]
outputs the name of the var
[c]$ cd /
"change dir" to root-dir "/"
"/" is the whole system – including all discs/partitions
[c]$ cd or cd ~[/c]
“change dir” to your home dir “/home/yourusername/”,
[c]$ echo foo > file1[/c]
write “foo” into a textfile file1
[c]$ cat file1[/c]
print output of file1
[c]$ head[/c]
show first lines of file
[c]$ head -n 50[/c]
show first 50 lines of file
pipe command “>”
[c]$ iwconfig > file1[/c]
write _standard_ output to file1
[c]$ iwconfig > file1[/c]
write _serror_ output to file1 – “2” is the code for error outputs
[c]$ echo ritual > fileX[/c]
add lines to file
[c]$ echo ritual2 >> fileX[/c]
[c]$ echo ritual3 >> fileX[/c]
connect terminal to remote window system
[c]$ ssh username@hostname[/c]
connect to another computer and executes commands there
[c]$ ssh -X username@hostname[/c]
activate X11 windowing forward on other computer
[c]$ username@hostname: firefox[/c]
starts for example firefox on the remote machine and shows it on your screen
[c]$ mv file1 newfile[/c]
move file1 to another
[c]$ less filename[/c]
show content of a text file
